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Sheffield GeographyThe village of Sheffield dates back to before the beginning of the last millennia. It grew around a fortified building that was eventually to become a castle, located at the confluence of the rivers Sheaf and Don. A number of hamlets and villages grew up in the surrounding area, many around the industries that utilised the area's five rivers. By the 18th century Sheffield had become a thriving market town and already being the country's leading cutlery producer. With the coming of industrial revolution Sheffield became one of England's fastest growing towns, growing over ten times in size within the 19th century alone. However, this expansion had a devastating impact on the surrounding area with smog becoming a serious concern in the city centre and the River Don becaming one of the most polluted rivers in Europe. Historically, Sheffield was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and, before this, the Saxon shire of Hallamshire. This area is now part of the county of South Yorkshire, and borders on Nottinghamshire's forests and the Derbyshire Dales. Sheffield is the most geographically diverse city in England with more types of habitat than any city in the UK. Sheltered in a natural amphitheatre created by a number of hills and the confluence of five rivers (Don, Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley and Porter) much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. The city is roughly one third urban, one third rural and one third in the Peak District. At its lowest point the city stands just 10 metres above sea level, rising up to over 500m in some parts of the city. However, 89% of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 metres above sea level and over 95% of the population resides in the main urban area. In the 1930s Sheffield City Council start buying rural land around sheffield in order to protect it from developers. This was one of the earliest examples of greenbelt land. Sheffield has more trees per person than any city in Europe, with a staggering ratio versus people of 4 to 1. It has over 170 woodlands covering roughly 28km², as well as 78 public parks covering around 18km² and also 10 public gardens. When you add this greenery to the 134km² of national park and 10km² of water in Sheffield, 61% of the 362km² that the city houses is greenspace. As well as urban, parkland and woodland Sheffield has vast agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater based habitats. Large areas are designated as sites of special scientific interest, even including several urban areas. Sheffield lies directly next to Rotherham with the M1 bordering them. Although Barnsley Metropoliton Borough also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further. To the west is the Peak District National Park and the Pennines, while to the south lies Derbyshire. The southern border has been moved further south as the Sheffield urban area has grown to encompass formerly rural Derbyshire villages over the past hundred years. The Sheffield metropolitan area includes the City of Sheffield, Rotherham, Doncaster and Barnsley which makes up the county of South Yorkshire as well as the small towns and villages of neighbouring North East Derbyshire and North Nottinghamshire that make up the Sheffield city region. This area also includes Eckington, Worksop, Killamarsh, Dronfield, Chesterfield and Bolsover. These areas all form an economic base for Sheffield which had a population of 1.8 million in 2003.
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